110 led governance institutional mechanisms Digitalisation (Mining 4.0) Automation and digital mine planning Advanced autonomous systems Digital monitoring and reporting ICCC, drones, ERP, automated safety systems High with incremental adoption Community & Water Stewardship Regional socioeconomic transition programmes Community engagement and water controls Strong social licence focus Large-scale mine water reuse for irrigation and drinking High in waterstressed regions Energy Transition Integration Renewables on reclaimed lignite land Renewables and efficiency improvements Clean energy integration Solar installations on reclaimed mine land High for integrated energy enterprises 12. Conclusions This paper demonstrates that a lignite legacy can be transformed into sustainable value through an ESG-integrated transition model combining institutional governance, digitalisation, progressive land-use transformation, and community-centric practices. The case of NLC India Limited shows how an integrated mining and energy enterprise in a leading emerging economy can enhance productivity, safety, and environmental performance while supporting livelihoods, regional development, and a just and orderly energy transition. From a policy perspective, the experience underscores that net-zero pathways for emerging economies do not imply near-term coal elimination, but require phased decarbonisation, efficiency improvements, land restoration, renewable integration, and social inclusion, enabled by policy continuity, institutional capacity, and long-term planning. Key takeaway: The NLCIL experience provides a replicable, ESG-led framework for emerging economies to achieve a just, efficient, and sustainable energy transition while balancing development and climate objectives. 13. References International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). (2020). Mining Principles. London: ICMM. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). Business Models for the Circular Economy. European Commission. (2018). Guidelines for Post-Mining Land Use and Rehabilitation.
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