1 11 Figure 3 – Flowchart presenting the proposed methodology for site selection regarding the installation of gravity energy storage systems (CB-GES or RM-GES) Subsequently, constraints are applied to eliminate unsuitable areas, such as unstable slopes or flood-prone regions, thereby narrowing the focus to viable sites. Next, the viable options are rigorously evaluated using a weighted approach based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), in which expert consultations and pairwise comparisons determine the relative importance of each criterion [26, 27]. Finally, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is applied to assign normalised scores to potential sites, which are then combined using weighted overlay techniques to assess the suitability of each location for implementation of RM-GES or CB-GES technology. The methodology is then applied to candidate locations, and the suitability values for RM-GES and CB-GES technologies are estimated, culminating in the categorisation of sites as optimal, moderately suitable, or unsuitable. This comprehensive approach ensures a balanced consideration of technical, environmental, and socioeconomic factors in site selection for implementing RM-GES or CBGES. 4. RM-GES TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATOR 4.1 The use of evaluation and selection methodology for choosing a demonstrator site The methodology for the selection of suitable sites for GES was applied to four potential sites from European open-pit coal mines: (1) Achlada Lignite Mines, Northern Part – Greece; (2) Rovinari Mining Basin, Tismana Open Pit – Romania; (3) Most Basin, ČSA Mine - Czech Republic; (4) Turów Mine - Poland. Each site was assessed for its suitability for both RM-GES and CB-GES gravity energy
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