197 (Jing, 2003). As a result, design decisions may still be driven primarily by simplified rules and local experience, even though geomechanical risk is spatial, non-linear, and sensitive to excavation configuration and stress path. This paper addresses these gaps by presenting a scenario-based 3D modelling workflow developed within the PERSEPHONE project and applied to the selection of an optimal mining system for a copper ore panel in the Rudna mine (KGHM Polska Miedź S.A.). The approach is explicitly design-oriented: instead of simulating a single “best estimate” layout, multiple mining variants are analysed while systematically varying pillar geometry to quantify differences in: stress redistribution, development of overstressed or damage-prone zones, and indicators interpreted as seismic/rockburst potential. - The intent is to provide a calibrated, reusable modelling framework that enables evidence-based comparison of long-term design alternatives under consistent assumptions and datasets.. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1. Geology The case study was conducted in a selected copper-ore mining panel in the Rudna mine (KGHM Polska Miedź S.A., Poland), operated at a depth of approximately 1.23 km and characterized by elevated geomechanical and seismic hazard conditions. The orebody is thin (typically ~1.5 m) and gently dipping, which makes the local stability strongly dependent on pillar geometry, extraction sequencing, and roof–floor interaction. Figure 1 - Scheme of actual and planned excavations in the analysed mining panel Geologically, the deposit is stratiform and developed within the Lower Zechstein carbonate–shale sequence and the uppermost Rotliegend sandstones. Mineralization occurs in both the carbonate–shale and sandstone series, while local variability in thickness and cementation may be observed. The immediate roof is dominated by calcareous dolomite (order of ~10 m), overlain by a massive anhydrite unit (order of ~20+ m), whereas the floor is formed by quartz sandstones with clay cement (order of ~10 m) underlain by red Rotliegend sandstones. Minor tectonic features (e.g., small-displacement faulting and fracture sets) are documented
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