1 19 protection policies, this situation has severely impacted routine mine production, underscoring an urgent need for large-scale resource utilization. The large-scale disposal and resource utilization of coal gangue has always been a research topic for experts and scholars[1]. The existing technology and utilization approaches have limited processing capacity, making it impossible to carry out large-scale disposal and achieve full resource utilization. Many researchers have conducted extensive and valuable studies and attempts on the soil utilization of coal gangue, striving to convert these materials into artificial soil with soil-like properties suitable for plant growth[3-5] through the continuous decomposition and humification of specific microorganisms[2], thereby transforming waste into a valuable resource. According to surveys, existing technologies for preparing artificial soil from coal gangue mainly include direct inoculation of biological bacteria on coal gangue and direct addition of straw. Due to the very low organic content in coal gangue, limited carbon source conversion, and extremely slow activation and decomposition, it is difficult to form large-scale applications. The 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle) of the circular economy are aimed at achieving harmlessness, reduction, and resource utilization for coal gangue. In this study, based on the physicochemical characteristics of coal gangue, innovative technologies are developed to establish a system that integrates underground reduction and surface quality-graded resource utilization, which can effectively achieve large-scale and harmless disposal of coal gangue. Raw coal is sorted underground with innovative coal preparation technology and equipment. Gangue larger than 6 mm is directly separated and used as backfill in mine roadways, resulting in a reduction at the source. Gangue smaller than 6 mm is lifted to the surface and further divided into low-calorific-value fuel and valuable elements through quality-graded separation, and the remaining tailings are co-processed with efficient organic microbial fertilizer. The residual carbon and beneficial elements in coal gangue, as well as the good water retention, fertilizer retention, and moisture conservation performance of tailing coal slime are fully utilized to produce artificial soil. This artificial soil can be used for direct planting of vegetables and fruits, or as a soilless cultivation substrate. It can also be used for large-scale improvement of lowproductivity land such as saline-alkali land, desert land, and loess land. 1. EFFICIENT AND RAPID FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY OF FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES Forestry and agricultural residues refer to organic matter discarded during the entire production process in agriculture and forestry, including crop straw, branches, livestock manure, and the like. According to surveys, China produces 1 billion tons of crop straw, 3.9 billion tons of livestock manure, and 100 million tons of forestry waste annually. The random discharge of these wastes has further deteriorated the ecological environment in rural areas. In this study, forestry, agricultural, and livestock residues are used as production inputs and carriers for microbial agents due to their abundant resources and high organic matter contents. Through innovative processes, including crushing and fermentation, the rapid and complete fermentation of the raw materials can be achieved. The entire process can effectively shorten
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