341 development principles. National targets for peak carbon emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 have been set in China. Decarbonization requirements in coal related industries have been intensified. Recent studies have focused on low-carbon cemented backfilling. Regarding backfill materials (Chen et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2024), studies have focused on low-carbon cementitious materials and green carbon-negative materials. Significant progress has been achieved by utilizing solid waste materials such as coal gasification slag, steel slag, and blast furnace slag to produce novel green cementitious materials as substitutes for traditional cement. Concurrently, by controlling the pore structure of the backfill to sequester CO₂, carbon emissions during backfilling operations have been reduced. Regarding filling process optimization (Song et al., 2025; Zhang et al., 2025), innovative achievements have been attained in constructing specific structural filling bodies, directly or indirectly mineralizing filling materials, and implementing intelligent mining-filling coordination processes. These advancements enhance backfilling mining efficiency while reducing system energy consumption, thereby promoting green and low-carbon development in backfilling mining. Regarding carbon accounting system development (Guo et al., 2025; Lin et al., 2023), evaluation tools such as life-cycle assessment theory have been employed. Key stages have been statistically analyzed, including raw material transportation, backfill slurry transportation, mineralization consolidation mechanisms, and carbon sequestration calculations, to establish a carbon footprint assessment framework for cemented backfilling. This provides data support for technological advancement and strategic planning. In summary, coal-mine cemented backfilling is expected to evolve toward low-carbon and carbon-negative development, enabling decarbonization-oriented technology upgrades. This paper systematically summarizes the research findings in this field concerning carbon reduction pathways for coal mine cemented backfill mining. It proposes a threetiered carbon reduction strategy: carbon-reduced, low-carbon, and carbon-negative. Carbon-reduced is achieved through performance requirement design of backfill materials; low-carbon is realized via MICP technology; and carbon-negative is attained through the mineralization and carbon sequestration of backfill materials. This approach aims to provide support for green, low-carbon backfill mining in coal mines. 2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT DESIGN AND MIX PROPORTION OPTIMIZATION OF COAL MINE CEMENTED BACKFILL MATERIALS 2.1 Life Cycle Performance Requirement Design The life cycle of coal mine cemented backfill materials encompasses four stages: slurry preparation, slurry transportation, underground backfilling, and strata control. The first two stages primarily consider slurry transportability, while the latter two stages focus on the mechanical properties of the backfill mass. Cemented backfilling technology requires both slurry transportability and mechanical properties of the backfill mass to meet specifications simultaneously. The design process for the life cycle performance requirements of coal mine cemented backfill materials is illustrated in Fig. 1.
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