92 These large water bodies, often located near network infrastructure and loads, are flooded early, creating opportunities for surface energy generation during land reclamation – supporting EU objectives while helping to adapt to climate change. Floating photovoltaic (FPV) technology offers a promising method of utilizing this solution on post-mining water reservoirs. Recent reviews document its rapid global expansion, capacity to relieve land pressures, increase PV performance through thermal conditions, and reduce evaporation. Nonetheless, they note gaps in long-term reliability, extreme events and ecological impacts which require an approach within energy-water-food nexus that need to be tailored to specific locations and management (Essak & Ghosh, 2022; Gadzanku et al., 2021; Haas et al., 2020). The response to the legal issues and the need for modern technological solutions in post-mining areas raised above is the floating photovoltaic power plant system developed as a part of the POSTEN project. 2. SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION The floating photovoltaic farm proposed within the POSTEN project is a modular solution designed for the reclamation of water bodies in post-mining areas. It combines lightweight, composite PV floating structures with an innovative approach to energy transmission using single-wire energy transfer (SWET), which aims to simplify the transmission infrastructure and reduce the scope of work involved in laying conventional power lines. At the same time, the integrated photovoltaic (PV) tracker and energy management system (EMS) ensure coordinated operation of the installation under variable sunlight conditions, grid requirements, and environmental constraints. The solution employs two types of floating platforms. The first type consists of platforms with fixed PV panels arranged in an east-west orientation, while the second type includes platforms with panels mounted on the tracker. At the generation level, the floating power plant consists of ‘energy islands’ equipped with photovoltaic modules. Each section includes local power conversion provided by an inverter and monitoring systems. This allows the installation to be scaled by duplicating sections and adapting them to the geometry of the shoreline, access conditions, and spatial development conditions, which may change during land reclamation. The generated energy is converted to AC and then transmitted via the AC grid to the energy storage facility in order to reduce the impact of PV generation variability and ensure stable power supply conditions for further components of the system. 2.1 Construction part Taking into account the external operating conditions and the environment in which the photovoltaic farm is to be used, many innovative solutions, were adopted in the design assumptions. The most important of these is the introduction of composite elements into the design of floating structures and load-bearing sections, as well as support elements for photovoltaic panels. The floating structure of each section is designed as a trimaran, which will ensure horizontal stability of the structure on the water. The PV panels themselves will be frameless, glued directly to composite profiles. This solution aims to increase the rigidity of the entire structure and maximize its prefabrication to minimize assembly work at the reservoir site.
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