98 6. DISCUSSION Floating photovoltaic systems are increasingly recognised as innovative renewable energy solutions for land-constrained regions like post-mining landscapes, effectively utilising underused water bodies to minimise land competition, enhance PV efficiency via natural cooling, and improve water use efficiency (Valikandi & Choi, 2025; Elminshawy et al., 2024). Growing evidence affirms their high operational performance across diverse hydrological and climatic conditions, technical feasibility, environmental compatibility, and seamless integration into post-mining remediation and land-use strategies (Cazzaniga, 2021). As components of green-blue infrastructure, FPV drives climate mitigation through low-carbon generation without extra land demands, supports adaptive water management and increases resilience by shading surfaces to mitigate local heat and reduce evaporation in the face of projected climate warming (Exley et al., 2025; Alhassan et al., 2023). These systems deliver direct hydrological benefits by reducing evaporation losses from water reservoirs, crucial in water-scarce areas, where agriculture consumes most of the freshwater (Morton, 2009). Scavo et al. (2020) validated models indicating up to 49% reductions at 30% coverage and 43.4-52.8% savings at full coverage (Berlioux et al., 2025). Complementing these benefits, POSTEN solution incorporates an energy storage system using lithium-ion batteries to stabilize PV variability, meet SWET line demands reliant on resonant grounding return, and enhance grid flexibility. At the same time, POSTEN is directly in line with European policy priorities on RES (IEA, IRENA, LDES Council) that analyze electrochemical, mechanical and thermal storage advances focused on cost reduction, cycle durability, scalability, and digital control (IEA, 2023; IRENA, 2017; LDES, 2021). Integrated single-axis PV trackers and EMS enable coordinated operation under variable sunlight and wave motion conditions, balancing a 12-20% increase in energy efficiency with additional mechanical complexity compared to fixed panels (Tina & Bontempo Scavo, 2022); the architecture separates local command execution from EMS supervisory functions to ensure reliability, including emergency mode switching, power stabilization through coordination of photovoltaic energy storage, and remote supervision using low-power telemetry and weather data (Eyimaya & Altin, 2024; Hameed & Kurnaz, 2024). Preliminary SWET assessments project >90% efficiency, contingent on LC tank optimization, frequency, and grounding, with economic edges over 3×400 V lines beyond 600 m. Composite anchors are not only used in FPV, but also in slope reinforcement and corrosion-resistant hydraulic applications, making POSTEN's innovations compatible with practical, resilient just transitions in coal regions. The modelling calculations confirm validity of the assumptions regarding the selection of composite materials as structural elements for the floating sections. 7. CONCLUSIONS The process of phasing out and transforming hard coal mining in Europe, as well as the requirements imposed on new energy sources, necessitate rational and sustainable actions both in the area of development and utilization of degraded post-mining areas and in the production of energy from emission-free sources. The POSTEN project demonstrates that:
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