168 data requirements. Tier 1 is the simple, basic method, Tier 2 is technology-specific, and Tier 3 is the most demanding in terms of complexity and data requirements (European Environment Agency, 2023a). The DAE estimation method unifies the estimation of diffuse dust emissions, fuel-use emissions from NRMM, and adds up explosive emissions and channeled dust emissions at the facility level (Sirina-Leboine et al., 2025). The DAE method has been developed based on the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebooks, and the French approach, that also include explosive use, based on Notice d’aide à la déclaration annuelle des émissions de polluants atmosphériques à l’attention des exploitants de carrières et d’installations de premier traitement des matériaux à partir de l’outil Carrières, hereafter referred to as Notice 2021. DUST EMISSIONS Dust emissions originating from different operations are estimated using an activitybased approach combined with operation-specific EFs, in accordance with the EMEP/EEA guidebook 2.A.5.a: Quarrying and mining of minerals other than coal (European Environment Agency, 2023a) and the Notice 2021. The method considers the main dust-generating operations in aggregate production, including drilling and blasting, material processing, material handling, and wind erosion from exposed surfaces and stockpiles. For each operation, TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions are estimated using site-specific data (such as production quantity, quantities of material handled, processed, and transported) and site-specific characteristics, including the nature of the deposit, quarry size, equipment configuration, material moisture, road type, meteorological conditions, and the use of emission abatement techniques. Emissions estimated from different operations are estimated separately and subsequently aggregated to obtain total annual dust emissions at the facility level. EMISSIONS FROM FUEL CONSUMPTION IN NRMM AND EXPLOSIVES Emissions resulting from the consumption of fuel in NRMM operating within the quarry are estimated by following the Notice 2021 and the relevant sections of the EMEP/EEA guidebook for Non-road mobile sources and machinery (i.e., 1.A.2.g.vii and 1.A.4.a.ii) (European Environment Agency, 2023b). Emissions associated with the use of explosives during blasting operations are estimated using the Tier 1 method described in the Notice 2021. The DAE estimation method described above and applied in this study was improved during the ROTATE project by updating the key assumptions and default EFs, which are as follows (Sirina-Leboine et al., 2025): 1. NOx EF from explosives was updated, based on the work of Oluwoye et al. (2017). 2. Additional abatement techniques in wind erosion from stockpile source for dust emissions, including: Three-sided enclosures, suppressant or gravel application, and revegetation or cover measures adapted from Government of Canada (2017). 3. Material-specific angle of repose distinction, considering the material such as granite, gravel (crushed stone or natural sand), dry, water-filled, and wet sand, etc., was taken from Santamarina et al. (2018).
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