178 EFs used in the two methods. Although there are differences between the DAE and LCA methods, their results can be used for process improvements, as both can identify the significant sources of emissions and environmental impacts, respectively. This can be used as a guide for process improvement. Furthermore, results from the DAE can be used in LCA to capture sitespecific diffused and stuck dust (TSP and PM) emissions. The two methods can complement each other. For instance, site-specific TSP and PM emissions estimated from DAE can be used in LCA to capture site-specific impacts from diffused dust emissions. Furthermore, the findings of this study are applicable to both the quarrying and mining industries and support decarbonization efforts. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was performed under the project Rotate-Circular Ecological Essential & Critical Raw Materials, under Grant Agreement ID: 101058651, funded by the EU Horizon Europe. REFERENCES Baumann, H., & Tillman, A. M. (2004). The hitch hiker’s guide to LCA. Bjørn, A., Owsianiak, M., Molin, C., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2018). LCA History. In M. Z. Hauschild, R. K. Rosenbaum, & S. I. Olsen (Eds.), Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice (pp. 17-30). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3319-56475-3_3 de Bortoli, A. (2023). Understanding the environmental impacts of virgin aggregates: Critical literature review and primary comprehensive life cycle assessments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 415, 137629. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137629 European Environment Agency. (2023a). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023: 2.A.5.a Quarrying and mining of minerals other than coal. European Environment Agency. (2023b). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023: Non-road mobile sources and machinery. European Environment Agency. (2025). Emissions of major pollutants into the air by extractive industries (Indicator). http://eea.europa.eu/en/european-zero-pollutiondashboards/indicators/emissions-of-major-pollutants-into-the-air-by-extractiveindustries-indicator Regulation (EU) 2024/1244 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 April 2024 on reporting of environmental data from industrial installations, establishing an Industrial Emissions Portal and repealing Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 (Text with EEA relevance), (2024). http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1244/oj Government of Canada. (2017). Pits and quarries reporting guide. Retrieved 30th December, 2025 from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/nationalpollutant-release-inventory/report/pits-quarries-guide.html Gowda, V., Bhadani, K., & Asbjörnsson, G. (2025). Environmental leadership in the European extractive sector. Volume 3: Life Cycle Assessment (ROTATE Handbook). https://rotateproject.eu/media/
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