221 for evaluation, this study contributes to a more systematic understanding of how voluntary governance mechanisms can be assessed in complex industrial contexts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS C. Zhang led the data analysis and visualization and prepared the initial manuscript draft. Z. Cao contributed to refining the arguments and structuring the manuscript. Z. Lin provided data support and assistance with data management. S. B. Young provided research funding, overall supervision, and theoretical guidance. REFERENCES Anstee, S. (2021). Analysis of implementation of Biodiversity Assessment and Management by ASI Certified Entities. ASI. (2022). Drivers, Benefits and Challenges of ASI Membership and Certification: ASI Certification Survey 2021. Atmolite Consulting Pty Ltd. (2021). Analysis of Implementation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Reporting from ASI Certified Entities: March 2020 – March 2021 Update. Bennett, E. A. (2022). Chapter 9: The efficacy of voluntary standards, sustainability certifications, and ethical labels. https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788979825/9781788979825.00016.xml Dranginis, H. (2016, February 23). Point of Origin—Status Report on the Impact of DoddFrank 1502 in Congo. The Enough Project. https://enoughproject.org/reports/point-originstatus-report-impact-dodd-frank-1502-congo IPIS, & Ulula. (n.d.). Assessing the impact of due diligence programmes in Eastern DRC: A baseline study. IPIS. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://ipisresearch.be/publication/assessing-impact-due-diligence-programmes-eastern-drcbaseline-study/ Kickler, K., & Franken, G. (with Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). (2017). Sustainability Schemes for Mineral Resources: A Comparative Overview (revised version). Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1669021599 Mancini, L., Eslava, N. A., Traverso, M., & Mathieux, F. (2021). Assessing impacts of responsible sourcing initiatives for cobalt: Insights from a case study. Resources Policy, 71, 102015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102015
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