65 The risk assessment methodology applied in this work comprises four main phases: 1. Problem formulation 2. Contamination characterization 3. Toxicity and exposure assessment 4. Risk characterization 2.1 Problem formulation In this phase, the objectives and scope of the risk assessment are defined, and a preliminary conceptual site model is developed. The model integrates sources of contamination, contaminant transport mechanisms, exposure routes, and potential receptors across different levels of biological organization. Figures 1 and 2 present examples of Conceptual Site Models for closure and future land‑use scenarios, respectively. A comprehensive review of background information is conducted to identify the key elements of the conceptual model and to determine the substances of interest to be evaluated. Figure 1 – Conceptual Site Model for the closure stage
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