70 planning from a predominantly technical exercise into a process of shared responsibility, where communities, regulators, and proponents jointly contribute to defining realistic and socially acceptable post-mining scenarios. Although challenging in practice due to the diversity of stakeholders involved, this participatory framework enhances transparency, builds trust, and confirms the role of risk assessment as an effective tool for informed and inclusive decision-making. Table 1 – Considerations for risk assessment with a prospective approach Aspect Closure Post-closure Future Use Status Closure activities: earthmoving, decommissioning, closure infrastructure, revegetation Infrastructure maintenance and environmental monitoring Areas transferred to the Government or community: agricultural/residentia l use Receptors On-site: closure workers Off-site: surrounding population On-site: post-closure workers Off-site: surrounding population Off-site: residents who live or carry out activities in the area and its surroundings Exposure On-site: linked to work schedules and closurerelated activities Off-site: linked to residential and productive activities in the surrounding area On-site: linked to work schedules and closurerelated activities (not relevant) Off-site: linked to residential and productive activities in the surrounding area Off-site: associated with actual land use and residential and productive activities in the surrounding area Level of uncertainty Low for on-site receptors High for offsite receptors due to variability in activities and land use patterns Low for on-site receptors High for off-site receptors due to variability in activities and land use patterns High due to the spatial and temporal variability of future human activities and dependence on agricultural livelihoods 4. BENEFITS OF THE PROPOSED APPROACH The application of prospective risk assessment by land‑use scenario across the closure, post‑closure, and future‑use stages offers significant advantages over traditional approaches
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