3.5 Positioning of the Present Study Building on this material evolution, the present work evaluates advanced composite reinforcement concepts for ground anchoring. The assessment is structured to quantify performance under surface slope conditions as a controlled benchmark for comparison, while discussing implications for underground environments where durability and operational constraints are typically amplified. The following section introduces the numerical framework adopted to evaluate mechanical response and performance metrics for conventional and composite-based anchoring solutions. 4. METHODS A permanent anchoring system must be designed to achieve the required factor of safety for a 12-meter-high slope composed of sandy clay with a unit weight γ = 18 kN/m³, effective cohesion c′ = 5 kPa, and effective friction angle φ′ = 28°. The soil exhibits an unconfined compressive strength (qu) of 50 kPa. The compressive strength of the grout at 28 days (fck) is 21 MPa. No groundwater level is detected within the area of interest. It should be considered that the available horizontal space for excavation is 16 meters. The case study is developed in accordance with the technical framework established in the guideline entitled “Guide for the Design and Execution of Ground Anchors in Roadworks,” issued by the General Directorate of Roads under the Ministry of Public Works of Spain. 4.1 Global System Verification Based on a preliminary design model, it is necessary to complete the design and stability verification of each anchor. At this stage, a comparative assessment is performed between calculations using Freyssinet 500E steel bars and the proposed graphenereinforced glass fiber (GFRP) bar system, as presented in Table 4.1. Table 4.1: Ultimate Tensile Strength (N/mm²) and Elastic Tensile Strength (N/mm²) of Freyssinet 500E Steel Anchors and Graphene-Reinforced Glass Fiber (GFRP) Profiles. COMPARISON Ultimate Tensile Strength (N/mm²) Elastic Tensile Strength (N/mm²) Freyssinet 500E Steel 550 500 Graphene-Reinforced Glass Fiber Profiles (GFRP) 800 1000 4.1.1 Calculation of the Factored Nominal Load = 1 = 1.5(30 ) = 45 Being: = Nominal anchor load obtained from the global stability calculation. 1 = Partial safety factor (load amplification factor). = Factored nominal anchor load. 4.1.2 Verification of Tensile Stress in the Anchor STEEL: ≤ 45 ≤ 550000 1.30 = 106 2 Ultimate Limit State
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