the price of extracted commodities can pose significant economic risk to the operation (Muttaqin, Ciptomulyono, and Siswanto 2025). To address the issues of uncertain parameters in a highly variable and dynamic mine environment, stochastic mine planning and scheduling techniques have been developed. These solutions rely on multiple equally probable realizations of the orebody utilized to quantify the probability functions associated with geological variables of interest, such as grade, and optimize production schedules. This approach was pioneered by Dimitrakopoulos and Ramazan (2004) in a long-term planning of single open pit mines, and extended over the years to address mining complexes (Goodfellow and Dimitrakopoulos 2016). Since then, multiple applications of these formulations have been developed, some of which are discussed in more detail in this work. Regardless of the chosen optimization method, the primary objective of the mine planning and scheduling process is to ensure the operation is economically viable and provides a financial return to the stakeholders of the company. In order to fulfill this goal, modern methodologies focus on maximizing the net present value (NPV) of the project, often including other economic evaluation parameters such as conditional value at risk (CVaR) or discounted cash flow (DCF). However, focusing exclusively on economic measures ignores the potential to address other aspects of the mine planning process, such as the social and environmental impact that mining operations exert on the local populations and ecosystems. Despite the fact that, depending on legislative frameworks in place, these issues need to be taken into account to comply with legal requirements, the inclusion of said aspects often comes as an afterthought (Aghdamigargari et al. 2024). For example, Burgher and Erickson (1984) point out that the maximization of NPV as a primary goal, coupled with high discount rates, delays reclamation efforts, as postponing such operations effectively discounts their cost from a perspective of the life-of-mine plan. Conversely, developing an extraction sequence that actively addresses the quantity and characteristics of extracted waste can significantly decrease the environmental impact and decrease the reclamation cost, ultimately leading to a more robust solution (Levinson and Dimitrakopoulos 2024). Additionally, expressing active interest in the more sustainable development of mining projects may, in turn, result in less public opposition to individual operations and the sector as a whole. This work aims to highlight recent developments in the field of sustainable stochastic mine planning and pinpoint promising areas in which these types of techniques can prove themselves useful in the future. Two main sections are developed, connected to waste management and energy reduction efforts. These areas were selected as they directly address major adverse effects of the mining industry on the local populations and natural environment, such as water pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Conclusions and recommendations for future research follow. 2. Waste management Waste management is one of the key considerations during mine planning. At the extraction stage, the extraction of material that has been deemed uneconomic leads to elevated operational costs. The matter is made worse if the waste is not inert and has to be contained to prevent environmental damage and comply with local regulations, generating additional costs related to the construction of waste storage facilities and long-term
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