4.1.6 Verification of Pull-Out Failure STEEL: = D + 2 ( ) =11.6 + 2 (20 ) = 51.6 ( . . ) ≤ ≥ ( . . ) ≥ (45 ) 75.2 ( )(0.0516 ) ≥ . GRAPHENE: = D + 2 ( ) =9.64 + 2 (20 ) = 49.6 ( . . ) ≤ ≥ ( . . ) ≥ (45 ) 75.2 ( )(0.0496 ) ≥ . Where: = Nominal diameter. D = Anchor bar diameter. = 20 mm grout cover (each side). = Bond length (bulb length). = Factored nominal load per anchor. 5. RESULTS Graphene-based profiles, due to their lower density compared to steel, are significantly lighter. Furthermore, as chemically inert materials, they exhibit superior resistance to corrosion relative to steel. For geophysical studies, graphene profiles are transparent to EMI/RFI transmissions, whereas steel interferes with such signals. Although graphene itself is a conductive material, graphene-reinforced glass fiber (GFRP) profiles behave as low thermal conductors and are not electrical conductors in the same manner as steel. On the contrary, this characteristic also contributes to improved impact behavior by distributing loads without permanent deformation. The general characteristics of both proposed systems are summarized in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Summary and Comparative Table of the Main Properties of Both Options. COMPARISON Graphene-Reinforced Glass Fiber Profiles (GFRP) Steel Corrosion Resistance High resistance to chemical agents Prone to oxidation and corrosion Density 1.83 g/cm³ 7.85 g/cm³ Electrical and Thermal Conductivity Non-electrical conductor. Low thermal conductivity Electrical and thermal conductor Strength High strength-to-weight ratio Higher weight for equivalent strength
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