improvement efforts should be concentrated there, regardless of how much room for improvement exists in the other subsystems. 5. GENERATION AND EVALUATION OF SCENARIOS 5.1.Scenario Typology The calibrated model can be used to evaluate a wide variety of decision scenarios. To structure its use, it is useful to distinguish three categories according to the type of decision they support: Sizing scenarios evaluate the impact of changes in the size or composition of system resources: number of loading or haulage equipment, MHS capacity, size of intermediate storage systems. These scenarios answer questions such as "how many pieces of equipment do I need to reach my production target?" or "what silo capacity do I need to decouple the HL from the MHS with sufficient autonomy?". Technology scenarios evaluate the impact of changes in technology or operating method: transition from manual to semi-autonomous or autonomous equipment, changes in the dispatch system, adoption of new secondary breaking technologies. These scenarios answer questions such as "how much does my production increase if I move to remote operation?" or "to what extent does haulage automation reduce my operator requirements?". Sensitivity scenarios evaluate the robustness of the production plan against changes in operating conditions: increased hang-up frequency, higher equipment failure rates, reduced compliance with the maintenance programme. These scenarios answer questions such as "how much does my production fall if hang-up frequency increases by 30%?" or "what MHS availability level do I need to meet my plan with 90% probability?". 5.2.Loading Equipment Fleet Sizing The sizing of the LHD fleet at a production level emerges from the interaction of three interdependent factors. The available area defines how many pieces of equipment can operate simultaneously without interfering; adding units beyond this limit generates waiting times that reduce individual utilization. Operational interferences — hang-ups, shift changes, secondary breaking, and maintenance — determine the fraction of the shift in which each piece of equipment is actively extracting, revealing that the actual capacity of the level is significantly lower than the nominal capacity. The dump infrastructure acts as a downstream constraint: if its capacity is insufficient, equipment waits to dump regardless of fleet size. The model explicitly integrates these three factors, determining the optimal number of LHDs as an emergent result of the actual system dynamics, not from a nominal productivity formula.
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