- The corrosion resistance and chemical inertness of graphene enhanced composites suggest improved durability potential compared to conventional steel systems, particularly in aggressive hydrogeological environments. - The quantified material optimization indicates potential embodied carbon benefits at scale, although detailed life cycle assessment remains a subject for future research. - Further work should focus on experimental pull out validation, long term creep assessment, durability testing under representative exposure conditions and pilot scale field implementation to support industrial application. - The results support the integration of advanced composite materials within established geotechnical design frameworks without modifying conventional stability criteria. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge the academic and technical environment that supported the development of this research. Constructive discussions within the geotechnical and mining engineering community contributed to the refinement of the analytical framework presented in this study.
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