OFFICIAL supported with sufficient surveillance to ensure safer, smarter, and more sustainable resource extraction. This paper presents the latest research and development in these area. 2. SELECTED TECHOLOGIES AND CSIRO R&D 2.1. Slope deformation monitoring using vision and radar Operational radars provide non-contact, submillimeter deformation monitoring for wide scan sectors and kilometre-scale ranges. They are typically deployed tactically to monitor problematic zones, due to their relatively high capital costs. As previously mentioned, although they excel at LOS sensitivity, they inherently underestimate true 3D motion, particularly when failure mechanisms introduce geometry that is oblique to the radar LOS, leading to potential misinterpretation of failure mechanisms and volumes. Patented fusion of radar and vision measurements to correct LOS bias and estimate the true 3D deformation vector from a single co‑located unit (camera supplied with radar) has been the subject of research in recent years (Elmouttie & Poropat 2016). The algorithms involve integration of LOS deformation measurements with cross-field precision measurements of deformation, noting inherent errors in sensor measurements and accounting for slope kinematics. The technology has undergone long duration field trials at multiple sites, including coal, gold and other mines as well as civil engineering sites. These trials (Figure 1) have demonstrated material deviations between LOS and actual 3D motion can not only be tracked but reliable estimations of 3D deformation vectors can be inferred (Elmouttie et. al., 2023). Figure 1 – Trials at international mines (a) and (b) and example data demonstrating stability throughout diurnal changes (c) (a) (b) (c)
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2