OFFICIAL (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 2 – Trials of the rockfall monitoring system at CSIRO. (a) Anatomy of a rockfall. (b) Simulations to confirm sensor selection. (c) & (d) show the system design and implementation. (e) and (f) show trial results confirming acoustic sensitivity to rockfall impacts and trajectory estimation through sensor fusion. 2.3. Sub-surface geotechnical monitoring using distributed fibre optic sensing Distributed fibre-optic sensing provides a powerful platform for monitoring seismic activity, strain, and temperature in both underground and surface mining environments. These systems deliver continuous, real-time measurements along the length of low-cost optical fibre, enabling high-resolution geomechanical analysis. Deployment typically involves borehole grouting or shallow back-filled trenches. Microseismic monitoring using fibre optics has proven effective in revealing strata behaviour during longwall retreat, offering valuable insights into deformation and failure mechanisms. Similarly, strain sensing in sub-level cave operations improves understanding of stress redistribution and ground response. Fibre-optic systems has also recently been demonstrated to support microseismic monitoring in block cave mines, providing critical data for hazard prediction and operational safety, including caving and fracture zone and strata delamination analysis (Figure 3).
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