International literature emphasizes that offset effectiveness critically depends on data resolution, temporal consistency and demonstration of ecological equivalence (Bull et al., 2013; Gardner et al., 2013). However, not all projects have comparable information, creating asymmetries in the technical quality of proposed plans. In summary, the cross-cutting findings show the need to strengthen: ▪ specific and verifiable criteria for aquatic ecosystems, ▪ standardization of ecological equivalence methodologies, ▪ alignment with emerging frameworks such as Nature Positive and SBTN, ▪ incorporation of independent verification mechanisms, ▪ and clarity regarding tenure, permanence assumptions and reversal risks. Overall, Peru is at a strategic point to consolidate a robust offsetting system that is traceable and internationally comparable, provided it continues to advance in standardization, transparency and adoption of evidence-based global frameworks. 3.1 KEY THEMATIC FINDINGS: 3.1.1 Hydrology determines wetland functionality Scientific evidence shows that hydrological restoration is the most critical factor for recovering ecosystem functions such as storage, flow regulation and support for hydrophilic plant communities. Designing offsets without this component strongly reduces their effectiveness and verifiability, consistent with ANA’s technical criteria (2025) and international hydro-ecological studies highlighting wetland dependence on baseflow and water balance (Acreman & Holden, 2013; Mitsch & Gosselink, 2015). 3.1.2 Ecosystem equivalence is functional and structural, not only floristic MINAM’s guides and specialized literature agree that, in ecosystems such as relict forests, yunga and dry forests, ecological value depends on attributes such as structure, regeneration, integrity and connectivity, beyond floristic composition (MINAM, 2019). This approach is consistent with BBOP principles, which emphasize additionality, permanence and equivalence based on ecosystem functions (BBOP, 2012; Gardner et al., 2013). 3.1.3 Traceability and a “mitigation hierarchy first” approach The SEIA Guide (MINAM, 2024) requires clarity on data sources, analysis scales, methodological assumptions and residual impact criteria, consistent with IFC PS6 and CSBI, which state that the mitigation hierarchy must be applied sequentially, verifiably and in a documented manner (IFC, 2012; CSBI, 2015). 3.1.4 Implications for offset plan design (PCA) ▪ Functional equivalence as the guiding criterion (Maron et al., 2018): o wetlands → hydrological functions; 148
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2