These soils developed under denudational and aggradational environments, mainly influenced by geomorphological factors such as high rainfall, temperature, relief morphology, and fluvial dynamics. 1.3 Land-use capability Soil land-use suitability is primarily constrained by relief. In low-lying zones, soils are suitable for agriculture with limitations, allowing only short-cycle crops in valleys and river terraces of the Wawayme, Tundayme, and Quimi rivers. In undulating areas with moderate slopes, soils are suitable only for pasture and forest species due to shallow depth and high susceptibility to erosion. In areas with slopes greater than 40%, shallow to moderately deep soils predominate, with rock outcrops and potential or active water erosion; therefore, use is mainly restricted to forest protection purposes. 1.4 Land cover and land use Considering constructed and planned works, the Mirador Mine has an infrastructure footprint of 2,770 ha within a polygon of 3,915.81 ha. Of this area, 24.24% corresponds to native forest, 23.36% to secondary forest, and 52.4% to pasture and mining and public infrastructure. 1.5Hydrographic context The project area lies within the Zamora River basin, specifically in the Quimi River sub-basin, near the border with Peru. This basin is part of the Santiago River hydrographic system, draining ultimately into the Amazon basin. Mining infrastructure for copper extraction is mainly located in the mid-to-lower part of the Wawayme River basin, where the pits, waste-rock dumps, and the processing plant are located. For construction and operation of the Tundayme tailings facility, the river of the same name was rerouted. The Wawayme River basin originates on the western foothills of the Cordillera del Cóndor and has an area of 34.14 km² and an approximate length of 9.1 km. It is characterized by torrential behavior associated with steep slopes, sudden floods, and bedload transport. In some sectors, streams have been channelized and diverted into interceptor channels. Geomorphologically, the basin ranges from 797.26 to 2,115.08 m a.s.l., with a mean slope of 32.51%, confirming its mountainous nature. Drainage density is moderate (2.16 km/km²) and torrentiality is medium, while estimated time of concentration is 25.46 minutes. 208
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