mining sector. While the legal framework, state policies, mining potential, procedures, infrastructure, and experience exist to promote investment, these investments have been declining in recent years due to socio-environmental conflicts, obstacles in permitting, and the current government's lack of knowledge and political will. Lessons learned and continuous improvement of the promotion strategy significantly impact on the sustainability of the mining sector. All the experience gained from promoting over US$115 billion in mining investments in Peru since 1990 should be leveraged and used to realize Peru's US$64 billion mining investment portfolio. Antamina offers us a valuable lesson, a success story, demonstrating that it's possible to develop a large-scale mining project in just five years—from exploration and permit approval to construction, testing, and commissioning. Unfortunately, today's mining projects typically take an average of 15 years to become a reality. Antamina symbolizes the remarkable teamwork undertaken between 1996 and 2001 (government, investors, and civil society) to promote this large-scale mining project with a vision of sustainable development. The "Sustainable Development Model for Promoting Private Investment in the Las Bambas Mining Project" has been duly recognized for its successes in various forums, including the Congress of the Republic and events such as the Mining Convention. It received the winning award in the 2004 Business Creativity Competition. This process demonstrates that it is possible to reverse major social conflicts through a proactive state presence and by achieving social agreements for the common good of all parties involved. The Mining Sector Sustainability Index (ISSM) of this research (62%) is like the 2020-2024 average value of the Fraser Mining Investment Attractiveness Index (60%), a rating with a downward trend that should be reversed with the annotations indicated in this research. As a general recommendation, the global sustainable development agenda with a vision to 2050 should be followed (risk management, sustainable development, net-zero, land-use planning and governance), along with the opportunities of the energy transition, which anticipates high demand for minerals and higher international prices that can be leveraged by mining countries like Peru. This requires a renewed strong political will from the government to promote investments in mining in particular, eliminating all bureaucratic obstacles, reversing socio-environmental conflicts with local and regional development strategies and plans based on large investment projects, making good use of past experiences, and appointing officials with the necessary knowledge for effective management, continuous improvement, and collaborative work among stakeholders, including the government, investors, civil society and academia, contributing knowledge, strategies, and initiatives for the common good, for the benefit of the country. 27
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