export dominance, the analysis considers regional participation in global weighted out-degree, brokerage capacity, and network embedding patterns (Table 1). Table 1 – Structural Indicators of LAC in the Global Copper Concentrate Trade Network (2010–2024) Year LAC nodes LAC in Global Weighted Out-Degree (%) LAC maximum betweennes s centrality LAC average betweennes s centrality LAC average clustering coefficient 2010 18 55% 388 41 0.193 2011 13 54% 762 120 0.084 2012 14 59% 466 60 0.026 2013 14 57% 276 53 0.025 2014 14 54% 376 65 0.038 2015 24 52% 718 41 0.124 2016 14 55% 565 91 0.031 2017 17 59% 179 29 0.022 2018 15 58% 331 78 0.013 2019 14 60% 563 73 0.026 2020 11 61% 355 96 0.006 2021 14 61% 329 48 0.120 2022 19 54% 459 48 0.013 2023 14 60% 407 43 0.016 2024 12 66% 358 54 0.012 33
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