3.5 System Architecture The early warning system architecture is structured into four interconnected domains: the underground mine, users, data center, and transmission network. • Underground Domain: High-precision microseismic sensors are connected to transformers and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, feeding programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that activate visual and audible beacons when predefined risk thresholds are exceeded. • User Domain: The SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) interface is accessible through physical and virtual human–machine interfaces (HMIs), enabling both local and remote monitoring using event-driven logic. • Data Center: The AOS platform processes seismic moment, probable magnitude, and Gutenberg–Richter b-values, integrating geospatial parameters such as altitude and spatial coordinates for advanced interpretation. • Transmission Network: The corporate network infrastructure ensures uninterrupted, real-time data transmission and processing without the need for manual intervention. This integrated architecture provides operational personnel with clear, actionable alerts, significantly strengthening preventive capacity and improving safety performance in underground mining environments. 4. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The implementation of the real-time microseismic traffic light system provides a practical framework to address limitations associated with delayed interpretation of seismic data in underground mining operations. By integrating continuous microseismic monitoring into operational workflows, the system enables direct and immediate communication of geomechanical risk at the working face. This approach represents a transition from a reactive, report-based model toward a preventive and operationally accessible system, where risk information is translated into actionable alerts for underground personnel. The integration of automated processing and real-time visualization allows for improved situational awareness under dynamic geomechanical conditions, particularly in zones characterized by elevated microseismic activity. 4.1. System Operation and Deployment The system was deployed in underground sectors characterized by elevated microseismic activity, operating continuously under real-time conditions. The architecture described in Section 3.5 enabled the integration of sensing, data processing, and alert communication within daily mining operations. During operation, microseismic events exceeding predefined thresholds triggered immediate visual and audible alerts at the working face, allowing personnel to identify risk levels without requiring specialized interpretation. The traffic light logic (green–yellow–red) facilitated rapid situational awareness under dynamic geomechanical conditions. The system maintained stable performance throughout the monitoring period, ensuring uninterrupted data transmission and consistent alert activation. Operational personnel were able to interact with the interface to monitor event evolution and support real-time 63
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