be used in the operationalisation of the many Strategic Mineral Partnerships, which the EU has concluded with mineral rich emerging economies. In particular the Nordic cluster could offer high productivity with safe and environmentally friendly operations. Additional benefits would be created if the OEMs could invest in local companies to provide some of the equipment needed. To be acceptable and useful for the emerging economies and the EU alike these agreements must offer more than just the potential to export unprocessed raw materials as in the colonial era. A systematic knowledge transfer brining host countries universities and vocational schools into cooperation with relevant partners in the Nordic countries to create regional hubs of knowledge in Africa and Latin America. Something substantial has to be put on the table and the experiences of the Nordic mining cluster to combine mining with horizontal diversification should be of great interest. In addition to making the mining industries in the mineral rich countries of the Global South more productive and supportive of societal economic and social development. REFERENCES Anglo American (2024), Integrated annual report 2023 p.37. https://www.angloamerican.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-Group-v9/PLC/investors/an nual-reporting/2023/aa-annual-report-full-2023.pdf accessed February 2026. CAMM 2026, https://www.ltu.se/en/research/centres-of-excellence-and-collaborations/camm-----centre-of-ad vanced-mining-and-metallurgy accessed February 2026. Copenhagen Economics (2021), Economic value of the Swedish mining cluster - Today and in the future, https://www.svemin.se/en/what-we-do/published-material accessed February 2026. Ericsson, Magnus and Löf, Olof (2025), Critical materials, the EU, the Nordic mining cluster and China background and reflections, Matériaux et Technique 113/2 article 201. European Commission (2023), Study on the Critical Raw Materials for the EU 2023 – Final Report. Fors, Hjalmar (2015), The limits of matter – Chemistry, Mining & Enlightenment, The University of Chicago Press. Gårdlund, Torsten; Janelid Ingvar; Ramström Dick and Lindblad Hans (1973), Atlas Copco 1873-1973 – Historien om ett världsföretag i tryckluft p. 260. In Swedish. 176
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