exceptional relevance and abundance of mineral deposits, extending around 230 km long and 40 km wide from Seville (Spain) to Lisbon (Portugal) (Quesada, 1996; Tornos, 2006). It is one of the most significant accumulations of metals contained in volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits worldwide (Almodóvar et al., 2019; Leistel et al., 1997) with more than 80 known deposits containing > 1700 Mt of sulfide ore (mined and reserves), and several tens of Mn occurrences (Fig. 2). Figure 2 - Geological map for Iberian Pyrite Belt (Spain), including the main mineral deposits (Martín-Méndez et al. 2023). Different types of mineral deposits in the IPB include mineralization in VMS, stockworks, gossans and Cu-rich shales. Mn is also extracted from small open pits linked to hydrothermal mineralizations and volcanism. More than 80 ore deposits and 100 mineral occurrences are located within the studied area in the IPB. We can highlight several of the VMS ore deposits over 50 Mt. The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), mined since ancient times (Phoenicians to Romans) for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, and Mn, hosts major deposits like Río Tinto, Aguas Teñidas, La Magdalena, and Sotiel (fig. 2). Its long mining history and geological richness highlight its strong potential for CRM exploration. 180
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