Track 9: Critical Minerals, Strategic Materials and Mineral Policy

route for continuous decarbonisation. Although further work should expand boundaries and incorporate dynamic data and verified inventories, the study already demonstrates that LCA provides a strong foundation for guiding operational decisions and supporting the transition to low-carbon mineral processing. REFERENCES [1] ​ International Institute for Sustainable Development, “Decarbonization of the Mining Sector (IISD Report),” International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2024. [2] ​ International Organization for Standardization, “ISO 14040:2006 - Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework,” 2006. [3] ​ International Organization for Standardization, “ISO 14044:2006 - Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines,” 2006. [4] ​ World Resources Institute & WBCSD, “Greenhouse Gas Protocol — Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard,” WRI, Washington DC, 2011. [5] ​ World Resources Institute, “Greenhouse Gas Protocol - A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard,” WRI, Geneva, 2004. [6] ​ International Sustainability Standards Board, “IFRS S2 Sustainability Disclosure Standard - Climate-related Disclosures,” IFRS Foundation, London, 2023. [7] ​ European Commission, “Regulation (EU) 2023/956 of the European Parliament- Establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism,” Official Journal of the EU, Luxembourg, 2023. [8] ​ T. Norgate and N. Haque, “Energy and greenhouse gas impacts of mining and mineral processing operations,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 266-274, 2010. [9] ​ H. Mi, L. Li, F. Liu, Z. Liu, N. Li, C. Zhang, J. Ma, C. Wang, B. Klein and A. J. Gunson, “A systematic review on life cycle assessment for sustainable mineral Industry: Methodologies, Applications, Challenges, and future Directions,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 240, no. 110131, 2026. [10] ​ W. Sikora, T. Saldanha and N. Haque, “Evaluation of Variation in the Life Cycle Based Environmental Impacts for Copper Concentrate Production,” in Energy Technology, 2018. [11] ​ J. Kelly, M. Wang, Q. Dai and O. Winjobi, “Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 174, 2021. [12] ​ S. Eggelston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara and T. Kiyoto, “IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme,” Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Kanagawa, 2006. [13] ​ Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, “Australian National Greenhouse Accounts Factors,” Australian Government, Canberra, 2025. 220

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