2. Reinforcement – Structures, processes, and systems actively support the desired behaviours. 3. Development – People have the skills, tools, and opportunities to operate in new ways. 4. Role Modelling – Leaders consistently demonstrate the behaviours they seek to embed. Change takes time. Experience indicates that three to five years are typically required to shift from reactive to proactive and preventive behavior, supported by committed leadership. Effective communication is not a supporting activity; it is a core enabler of system change. These challenges are compounded by broader social and cultural constraints, including talent shortages, unattractive remote operations, loss of boomer generation from the workforce, and declining interest in mining careers. While automation will replace some roles, it will also increase demand for new capabilities, particularly in electronics, data, systems engineering, and integrated operations. Leadership, education, trust-building frameworks between industry, governments, and communities, and systems designed to catch and reduce errors are therefore critical enablers of lasting transformation. 6. FROM VISION TO ACTION: A PATHWAY TO PRACTICAL SCALABLE OUTCOMES The copper industry’s challenge is not a lack of vision, technology, or capital. Rather, it is the absence of integrated solutions that translate intent into coordinated, systemic action. If current supply trajectories continue, the projected gap will not be closed. With a concerted effort of year-on-year continuous improvement across the industry (primary and secondary) will produce an additional 1.3 Mt of Cu over a 5-year period. Step changes and innovation in the extraction processes in mine and mill will be required to sustain and increase production to fill the forecasted production shortfall of 10Mt in 2040. This scenario is illustrated in Figure 5. Not accounted for is the 37% increase in costs that have occurred since 2019 (S&P Global, 2026). This reality demonstrates that relying on improvements and innovation will probably be insufficient. 97
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