1131 A practical sequencing logic is to start with efficiency and renewable electricity, then deploy dropin renewable fuels, and finally scale powertrain replacement and hydrogen as infrastructure and technology mature [2]. Evidence from publicly available company disclosures, sector reports and stakeholder presentations indicates that large mining operators in Peru have pragmatically prioritized Scope 2 emissions reductions through renewable electricity sourcing, including renewable supply contracts and energy attribute certificates [e.g., World Bank, 2022; industry presentations]. Attention is increasingly shifting toward Scope 1 emissions, where ultra‑class haul trucks represent a dominant emissions driver due to very high diesel consumption, continuous operation and long asset lifetimes. Consistent with this trajectory, operators are evaluating complementary solutions such as trolley‑assist concepts and hydrogen‑based powertrains; hydrogen fuel‑cell haul‑truck pilots provide concrete evidence of hydrogen’s potential to address duty cycles and power requirements that remain challenging for full direct electrification. 4.2 Solution selection criteria under mining constraints Technology selection is shaped by a small set of site constraints: • Power boundary conditions: grid availability/reliability and the need for microgrid or islanded operation. • Equipment duty cycles and safety constraints (especially underground), which drive requirements for energy density, uptime and ventilation. • Project horizon and asset turnover, which determine whether retrofits, transitional fuels or newbuild solutions dominate. These constraints favor hybrid architectures that combine efficiency, electrification and lowemissions fuels rather than a single technology pathway [2]. 4.3 Portfolio logic: short‑term deployability vs. long‑term depth of abatement For near‑term implementation, renewable electricity procurement (where feasible), energy management and efficiency, and renewable liquid fuels provide scalable pathways that minimize disruption to operations. In parallel, hydrogen and hydrogen‑derived fuels are relevant for medium‑ to long‑term deep decarbonization of heavy‑duty applications and selected industrial uses, supported by emerging policy frameworks. Peru’s adoption of a Green Hydrogen Promotion Act and the development of a regulatory framework and certification approach support the relevance of hydrogen value chains for industrial applications, including heavy transport [9]. From an integrated energy supplier perspective, this portfolio approach is consistent with technology‑neutral decarbonization strategies. Public corporate reporting from Repsol describes a multi‑technology pathway to decarbonization, including renewable electricity generation, renewable fuels, biogas/biomethane and renewable hydrogen, supported by industrial transformation and digitalization [10]. 4.4 Measurement, transparency and assurance implications Mining decarbonization increasingly depends on credible measurement and reporting of emissions reductions. Peru’s National Inventory Document and the institutional MRV framework under UNFCCC reporting provide a reference for boundary setting and transparency in national emissions accounting [8]. At the operational level, this supports systematic tracking of (i) fuel consumption and substitution, (ii) electricity sourcing and emissions factors, and (iii) equipment and process performance over time. Robust monitoring and verification also enable alignment with evolving market expectations for low‑carbon minerals, a theme highlighted in Peru‑specific sector analyses [6]. 4.5 Treatment of hard-to-abate and residual emissions (illustrative: aviation). While this analysis focuses on operational energy-related emissions at mining sites (Scopes 1 and 2), remote operations may also generate indirect emissions that are difficult to eliminate in the short term,
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