1132 such as personnel air travel. After priority mitigation measures are applied to core energy uses, complementary approaches may be considered for residual emissions. Emerging mechanisms such as Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Book & Claim schemes can support decarbonization of aviation-related emissions through credible accounting frameworks and are best treated as complementary measures applied after direct mitigation and within robust MRV practices. 5. DESCARBONIZATION SOLUTIONS FOR MINING OPERATIONS 5.1 Renewable electricity supply and mine power system design Renewable electricity can decarbonize major electrified loads (comminution, pumping, ventilation and auxiliaries) via grid procurement and/or mine power-system redesign: • Grid-based renewable sourcing (contracts/attributes, PPAs where feasible) to reduce Scope 2 with limited operational change. • On-/near-site solar and wind integrated through mine microgrids for remote or reliabilityconstrained sites. • Hybridization (storage + controls) to manage intermittency, power quality and reserve requirements. In practice, shifting toward power-dominant architecture also enables broader electrification and, where relevant, on-site electrolysis. 5.2 Energy efficiency, operational optimization and digital energy management Efficiency reduces both fuel and electricity demand and improves the economics of fuel switching. High-impact measures include: • Haulage efficiency (routing/dispatch, speed and payload control, tire management). • Process and motor efficiency (grinding optimization, variable speed drives, set-point control). • Ventilation on demand and predictive maintenance enabled by monitoring and analytics. The effectiveness of renewable liquid fuels as a near‑term abatement option depends not only on technical availability but also on regulatory frameworks, including blending limits and fuel standards. In Peru, the current biodiesel blending mandate (B5) constrains the achievable emissions reductions from existing diesel‑based mining fleets, despite the technical readiness of renewable liquid fuels for heavy‑duty applications. International experience indicates that higher blending thresholds and/or the use of drop‑in renewable diesel grades can be implemented rapidly, delivering immediate lifecycle GHG reductions without requiring fleet replacement. Accordingly, policy adjustments enabling higher renewable fuel blends could unlock a scalable transition pathway while longer‑term electrification and hydrogen solutions mature. Digital monitoring and analytics enable continuous improvement and verification of efficiency gains [10]. 5.3 Renewable liquid fuels as transitional and retrofit-friendly abatement Renewable liquid fuels provide a deployment-ready pathway for existing diesel fleets and stationary engines where electrification is constrained. Drop-in renewable diesel (including HVO 100) can reduce Scope 1 emissions with limited changes to equipment and refuelling logistics; Repsol’s public reporting indicates up to ~90% lifecycle GHG reduction versus fossil diesel depending on pathway and certification [10]. 5.4 Biomethane and renewable gases for stationary uses and hybrid systems Renewable gases (including biomethane) can decarbonize stationary energy and provide dispatchable support in hybrid systems, subject to supply logistics and local infrastructure [10]. Given Peru’s energy context, natural gas is sometimes considered as a potential alternative fuel for
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