1244 Table 2 – Pathway clusters used in synthesis (inputs / mechanisms / outputs) Cluster (pathway family) Typical inputs (waste stream family) Dominant mechanisms (mechanism family) Typical recoverable outputs (“value”) Metrics most commonly reported Representative papers from the 18 (DOI) 1. Tailings reprocessi ng and valorizatio n Tailings and fine residues from beneficiation; legacy tailings; lithium mica residues Physical separation; hydrometallurgy ; hybrid beneficiation– leaching; material reuse routes Metal concentrates; upgraded byproducts; construction/fun ctional materials; reduced tailings liability Recovery/yiel d, grade improvement, selectivity; process time/productiv ity; byproduct handling 10.12075/j.issn.10044051.20250622; 10.20078/j.eep.2024061 4 2. Metal recovery from secondary resources and industrial residues Tailings as secondary raw materials; slags; process residues; battery-related secondary stocks; phosphate byproducts Hydrometallurgy (leaching + purification); electrochemical recovery; adsorption/separ ation; bioleaching/bio mining Recovered critical metals; saleable salts/byproducts; reusable reagents; upgraded residue streams Recovery/yiel d; selectivity/pur ity; reagent/energ y intensity; stability; sometimes TEA/LCA 10.1016/j.hydromet.202 0.105362; 10.3390/met15101080; 10.3390/min15121232; 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.1 34058; 10.1002/cmtd.20240004 6; 10.1007/s10311-02301611-4; 10.3390/pr12091793; 10.14062/j.issn.04545648.20240790 3. Minewater managem ent and recycling (including AMD) Mine-impacted water; acidic mine drainage; wastewater streams with recoverable constituents Active/passive remediation; sorption/adsorpti on; biological polishing; integrated recoveryoriented treatment trains Treated water suitable for reuse/discharge; recovered metals/salts where feasible; reduced longterm treatment burden Removal/reco very; stability/robus tness; reagent/energ y use; sludge/byproduct handling; sometimes cost discussion 10.12911/22998993/147 409; 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102 093; 4. Crossindustry valorizatio n and deployme nt configurat ions (industrial symbiosis logic) Residues used as inputs for other sectors; construction/m aterial loops; system-level circular design Industrial symbiosis framing; material loop redesign; transition/roadm apping logic; spatial planning Off-site valorization products; reduced demand for virgin materials; regional circular configurations Often LCA/impact language; adoption barriers; standards and governance; fewer consistent process metrics 10.17159/24119717/3603/2025; 10.1016/j.resconrec.202 1.105955; 10.3390/app15105410; 10.3390/su17125329; 10.1016/j.biotno.2025.1 0.005;
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