1245 Table 3 – Reporting patterns observed in the 18-paper set (what is measured vs what is missing) Reporting element What it usually looks like in papers Pattern in the 18-paper set (high / medium / low visibility) Examples from the 18 (DOI) Technical recovery performance Recovery/yield, extraction/removal, selectivity/purity, concentration factor High (core technical emphasis across most technology papers) 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105362; 10.3390/met15101080; 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134058; 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102093 Resource intensity Reagent/chemical use, energy intensity, sometimes water intensity Medium–High (common in process/technology papers; less consistent in system papers) 10.1002/cmtd.202400046; 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105362; 10.3390/pr12091793 Process time and productivity Residence time, productivity/throughput proxies, kinetics/operational time Medium (frequent, but not standardized across papers) 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134058; 10.1007/s10311-023-01611-4 Stability and robustness Repeated-cycle stability, fouling/degradation, sensitivity to variability Medium (appears when authors discuss scale constraints; less universal) 10.3390/pr12091793; 10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109325; 10.12911/22998993/147409 By-product / residue handling Sludge/brine/residue management, secondary waste risks, disposal constraints Medium–High (especially in water and remediation papers) 10.12911/22998993/147409; 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102093 Operational indicators (plant relevance) Integration feasibility, operating constraints, QA/QC, maintainability, operational risk language Medium (often discussed qualitatively, not measured consistently) 10.17159/2411-9717/3603/2025; 10.12911/22998993/147409 Economic indicators CAPEX/OPEX, cost/ton, payback, value case, avoided liability costs Low–Medium (present in some reviews; inconsistent boundaries) 10.17159/2411-9717/3603/2025; 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105955 Environmental indicators LCA framing, emissions/impact categories, sustainability claims Medium (more common in construction/system papers than in pure recovery studies) 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105955; 10.3390/su17125329; 10.3390/app15105410 Adoption and deployment conditions Regulation, standards, infrastructure needs, market requirements, governance Medium (often present as barriers/enablers rather than tested variables) 10.17159/2411-9717/3603/2025; 10.1016/j.biotno.2025.10.005 Explicit organizational learning / culture constructs Named constructs, measurement scales, routines (CI, AAR, knowledge capture) Low (mostly indirect mentions rather than operationalized variables) Mostly indirect across the set; 4. RESULTS, OUTCOMES, OR PERFORMANCE 4.1 State-of-the-art theme consolidation The bibliometric mapping and the deep-reading synthesis converge on four recurring pathway clusters in mining circularity and recovery: - Tailings reprocessing and valorization - Metal recovery from secondary resources and industrial residues - Mine-water management and recycling (including acid mine drainage contexts) - Cross-industry valorization consistent with industrial symbiosis
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