1260 designing robust drainage and geometry adapted to local climate and foundation conditions. Stability is governed by the combined effects of moisture, compaction, water management and freeze–thaw processes, which require both sound initial design and adaptive operational management. At the same time, dry stacking can contribute to circular economy and low-carbon objectives by enabling high water-recovery rates, facilitating future reprocessing and re-use of tailings, and supporting lifecycle performance improvements when compared with conventional slurry ponds. Realizing these possibilities depends on addressing key knowledge gaps related to long-term freeze–thaw behavior, climate extremes, permafrost degradation, thermo–hydro–mechanical modeling and life-cycle trade-offs. Looking ahead, climate-resilient dry stacking will require integrated approaches that couple material characterization, modelling, climate-scenario analysis and monitoring with adaptive operating strategies. A key contribution of this paper is the translation of current knowledge into an Arctic-specific, decision-support-oriented framework based on indicative design windows, stability-control factors and climate-sensitive assessment needs. Collaborative research and transparent sharing of performance data will be essential to refine design guidelines, build confidence among regulators and communities, and realize the potential of dry stacking as a low-water, low-risk and circular mine-to-mill solution. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge Oulu Mining School and the University of Oulu for providing an open environment for collaboration, cultural exchange and shared learning on sustainable tailings management in cold climates. REFERENCES Andersland, O. B., & Ladanyi, B. (2004). Frozen ground engineering (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Davies, M. P., & Rice, S. (2001). An alternative to conventional tailings management – “dry stack” filtered tailings. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mining with Backfill. Ecoinvent Association. (2023). Ecoinvent database (version X.X). Retrieved from www.ecoinvent.org Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). (2022). Environmental impacts of mine waste management in Finland. Finnish Environment Institute. Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). (2021). Bearing capacity and frost conditions of soils in northern regions. Geological Survey of Finland. IPCC. (2021–2023). Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), including Climate Change 2023: Synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Kossoff, D., et al. (2014). Mine tailings dams: Characteristics, failure, environmental impacts, and remediation. Applied Geochemistry, 51, 229–245. Lottermoser, B. G. (2010). Mine wastes: Characterization, treatment and environmental impacts (3rd ed.). Luukkanen, S., Tanhua, A., Zhang, Z., Mollehuara Canales, R., & Auranen, I. (2022). Towards waterless operations from mine to mill. Minerals Engineering, 187, 107793. Sahu, P., et al. (2020). Tailings management in mining industries – Sustainable practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276.
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