1694 from practice not from plans. For these more challenging mitigation controls, simulated activities can be used to verify controls (e.g. emergency response drills). In addition, incident information can be used to improve the understanding of the reliability of mitigation controls if investigations assess the effectiveness of these types of controls as part of the investigation process. Figure 3 – Determination of control effectiveness (Source: Hassall & Harris, 2017) The determination of the efficacy of controls can vary across controls and operations. Some controls have 100% efficacy at mitigating fatalities. Examples include guarding and barricading that remove people from line-of-fire zone have 100% efficacy (noting that the reliability may vary). Other controls will have variable efficacy depending on the nature of the event. Examples include berms and airbags which can prevent fatalities in some incidents but not in all incidents. Understanding the efficacy of the control – especially which controls have the ability to have 100% efficacy - can also help identify which controls are critical and effort can be prioritised to improve their reliability. 5. CONCLUSION Research and empirical work has demonstrated that incident data can be analysed to produce an evidence-based understanding of the criticality of controls. However, this should not be the only source of information used as controls that are effective at preventing incidents will not be highlighted due to the absence or low number of events. The work has also demonstrated it is possible to use incident and verification data to track the
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