1695 reliability of controls over time. However, such analysis will only be valid if: • The analysis uses quality bowtie information where the controls are “true” controls and the incident falls within the scope of the bowtie. • The incident information contains quality and detailed incident information about the controls – if they were present and effective, present and ineffective or absent. Additionally, the analysis has revealed that more work is required to determine efficacy and in turn the effectiveness of controls in mining operations In summary, the implementation of the critical control approach can be improved by using quality bowtie analyses in incident investigations to identify the effectiveness of the suite of controls in preventing and mitigating unwanted events. Determining what controls were present and effective, present and ineffective, and absent and the reasons why can reveal evidence-based insights into the criticality of the control, key performance requirements as well as opportunities to improve implementation, monitoring, maintenance and verification processes. However, valid results rely on quality bowties, control specification information and quality incident investigations and analysis. REFERENCES Coal Inspectorate of RSHQ (2025) QGN 35 The Integration of Critical Controls into PHMPs for Coal Mines in Queensland. Resources Safety & Health Queensland. Sourced from https://www.rshq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/2044604/QGN35-The-Integration-ofcritical-controls-into-phmp-coal.pdf Hassall & Harris (2017) Risk controls knowledge: determining leading practice from case study analysis (ACARP report C25036). Sourced from https://www.acarp.com.au/abstracts.aspx?repId=C25036 ICMM (2013), Requests for proposals – Health and safety risk management in the mining and metals sector. International Council on Mining and Metals, London, UK: ICMM (2015) Health and safety critical control management good practice guide. International Council on Mining and Metals, London, UK. Sourced from https://www.icmm.com Newmont (2022) Newmont 2022 Sustainability Report – Sustainable business. Enduring Value. Newmont Corporation. Sourced from https://s24.q4cdn.com/382246808/files/doc_downloads/2022/sustainability/newmont-2022Annual-Sustainability-Report.pdf Rio Tinto(2022) Rio Tinto Annual Report 2022. Rio Tinto. Sourced from https://www.riotinto.com/en/invest/invest-archive#2022 Selleck, R. (2023) A critical control approach to preventing fatalities in construction (PhD thesis). Edith Cowan University. Sourced from https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2675/
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