1802 New institutional structures are proposed to promote environmental conservation in natural resource projects using responsible practices such as clean technologies, impact monitoring, and ecosystem restoration. While instruments establish specific obligations, private funds are often applied nonintegratively, leading to overlap or misalignment with other collective revenue management structures. c.4.) Structures Linked to the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC): In Brazil, Law No. 9.985/2000 created SNUC, regulating conservation units. Environmental compensation mitigates mining impacts, preserves ecosystems, and restores habitats. Example: Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant (PA) included creation of conservation units protecting Amazonian flora and fauna. d. Regionally Incentivized Structures d.1.) Payments for Environmental Services (PES) as Economic Development Instruments: PES encourages preservation while generating economic benefits for local communities. In the mining sector, it acts as a compensatory mechanism, funding environmental recovery and protection of impacted areas. More than 28 countries implement PES programs. Brazil’s National Policy on Payments for Environmental Services (Law No. 14.119/2021) is under regulation. d.2.) Mine Closure Resources: Mine closure involves decommissioning, environmental recovery, and defining future land use, aligning territorial vocations, socio-economic capacities, and sustainable resource use. Companies must deposit guarantees48 with governments for these activities. d.3.) Regional Environmental Compensation Funds: Through Provisional Measure 809/2017 (Law 13.668/2018), the Chico Mendes Institute selects an official financial institution to create and manage a private fund with environmental compensation resources for federal conservation units. e. Funds from TACs (Adjustment Terms) and Loss & Damage: Despite voluntary or mandatory efforts, extreme events often exceed corporate and national capacity, requiring TACs for remediation and public policy strengthening. Examples: Mariana (2015) and Brumadinho (2019) disasters, Braskem in Maceió (AL), and MP 1278/2024 creating the Extreme Climate Event Recovery Fund (R$6.5 billion). TACs remain recent, without guaranteed intergenerational transfer or economic diversification. 48Emblematic examples of this trajectory include cities such as Niquelândia (GO), Itabira (MG), and Parauapebas (PA), which face challenges in diversifying their economies..
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