2511 6. DISCUSSION: TOWARDS A MODEL OF MINING KNOWLEDGE GOVERNANCE Analysis of the Peruvian framework and comparative models shows that mining knowledge governance is a central component of contemporary mining policy, especially in the context of the green transition and growing demand for critical minerals (IEA, 2024). In the case of Peru, regulatory dispersion and the absence of an integrated approach create structural barriers to the development of robust and autonomous mining research centers. Research is regulated in a fragmented manner by educational, STI, and mining policy regulations, without a framework that coherently harmonizes these dimensions (Congreso de la República del Perú, 2025). Furthermore, the lack of recognition of mining research centers as strategic actors in public policy limits their ability to contribute effectively to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the climate agenda (United Nations, 2015). Without a governance model that guarantees autonomy, sustainable financing, and clear rules for technology transfer, mining research runs the risk of being subordinated to short-term or circumstantial interests (Mazzucato, 2018). 7. PROPOSALS FOR REGULATORY GUIDELINES FOR PERU Based on the findings of the study, the following guidelines are proposed: - Sectoral specialization of the regime applicable to Scientific Research, Technological Development, or Technological Innovation Centers (CTI) for mining: Creation of a differentiated legal status for mining research centers, recognizing their academic autonomy and strategic role in mining and innovation policy (OECD, 2011). To this end, it is proposed to develop, by supreme decree or through CONCYTEC guidelines (or whoever acts on its behalf) in coordination with the Ministry of Energy and Mines (governing body), specific criteria for mining research centers, within the framework of the Law on the Promotion of Scientific Research, Technological Development, and Technological Innovation (Law No. 30309 or the corresponding law). - Formal and comprehensive articulation of provisions for STI research and national mining policy on critical minerals, energy transition, and climate change adaptation: Explicit integration of mining research into national critical minerals policy, aligning it with the country's energy transition and climate commitments. This requires better coordination, at the legal level, of the regulatory frameworks that promote STI research, energy transition, critical minerals management, and climate change adaptation, i.e., to date, Law 30309 (STI), Law 30754 (Climate Change), and Law 28832 (energy matrix diversification). In this regard, to date, there is no regulatory framework in our country for the exploration, identification, and use of critical minerals. However, looking ahead, such a regulatory framework is necessary and could be adapted to the provisions for scientific, technological, and innovation research (CTI). - Functional recognition of academic autonomy: Design of mixed and transparent financing schemes for individuals (natural or legal) who promote the creation of CTI Centers for mining, to reduce exclusive dependence on the private sector and ensure institutional stability. This does not mean a lack of oversight or verification of these research centers, but rather the regulation or establishment of regulatory safeguards that recognize the scientific independence of mining research centers from any interests that are not aligned with the academic objectives of those centers. - Clear regulation of intellectual property and technology transfer, incorporating criteria of public interest, sustainability, and social benefit: To this end, without the need to amend current legislation, it is possible to develop specific guidelines for intellectual property and technology transfer for mining research projects submitted in accordance with Law 30309 (law promoting scientific research, technological development, and innovation), or the current regulations that replace it, to establish specific criteria on the following aspects, always taking into account the type and mechanism of financing and the public interest that may be involved in the research and its results: o Ownership and co-ownership of research results. o Licenses and use of developed technologies.
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