a b Figure 2 - Fleet Management Systems: (a). Architecture, (b). Dispatch Control 2.2. Data Collection Standardized operational data (Aug 2023–Feb 2025) were compiled from digital FMS logs and structured manual records to enable consistent cross‑contractor comparison. The dataset includes production tonnage, equipment operating hours, fuel consumption, cycle time, and truck & digger productivity, capturing operational and maintenance-related variability. This consolidated dataset provides a robust basis for isolating FMS impacts relative to non-FMS operations. Fuel consumption was measured using L/h and L/ton, where L/h captures real-time usage and highlights idle inefficiencies (Choi et al., 2022a), while L/ton reflects energy intensity per output for benchmarking and emission reduction assessment (Bnouachir et al., 2023). Production Data were recorded in bank cubic meters (BCM) or metric tons to represent the cumulative material moved per contractor. BCM reflects in-situ volume, while tons better represent actual mass handled and improve fuel-per-tons calculations where material density varies. Cycle Time and Hauling Distance Haul-cycle duration and average distance per cycle were used to assess routing efficiency and equipment utilization. Reduced cycle times typically indicate higher productivity and improved fuel efficiency, supporting sustainability goals (Mnzool et al., 2024). Operating hours were monitored to normalize productivity and fuel metrics across downtime, maintenance, and shifts. Real-time FMS tracking reduces non-productive time and supports robust assessment of energy use, equipment efficiency, and emission intensity under controlled conditions. 2.3. Analysis Methodology Productivity Comparison is a quantitative assessment that was performed to compare FMS and non-FMS operations using standardized productivity metrics (Yeganejou et al., 2021). Digger productivity is defined as total material moved divided by actual operating hours, as shown in Equation (1), providing a consistent basis for evaluating equipment efficiency.
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