= ℎ (1) The formula above defines digger productivity ( ), expressed in tons per hour, by dividing the total production ( ) by the total operating hours of the digger ( ℎ ). In contrast, the productivity of the truck was determined by considering not only the working hours but also the hauling distance. The total production was divided by operating hours and haul distance (in kilometers) (Choi et al., 2022b), as shown in equation (2): = ℎ × (2) The formula defines truck productivity ( , t/h·km) as total material transported ( ) divided by truck operating hours ( ℎ ), multiplied by average haul distance ( ). This approach standardizes performance comparison by capturing both utilization and transport efficiency. Data from FMS-assisted and conventional operations were analyzed to identify productivity and efficiency gains enabled by digital fleet monitoring (Bnouachir et al., 2023). Fuel consumption per ton material: To evaluate fuel efficiency in mining operations, this study assesses fuel consumption per ton of material handled for both digger and truck using a ratiobased metric (Choi et al., 2022a). Fuel consumption is measured over a defined operational period and normalized by total material moved (ton). The primary indicator, the Digger Fuel Ratio, quantifies fuel usage per ton of production and is defined in Equation (3): = (3) The formula above defines the digger fuel ratio ( ), expressed in liters per ton, by dividing the total fuel consumed by the digger ( ) by the total material produced or loaded ( ). For diggers, production is estimated from loaded volume converted to tons, while truck operations incorporate hauling distance for a more comprehensive fuel-efficiency evaluation (Fahrul Indrajaya, 2020), as expressed in Equation (4): = (4) These metrics allow consistent fuel‐performance comparisons across operating conditions and equipment types, enabling the identification of fuel-optimization opportunities that lower costs and reduce environmental impact(Yu et al., 2024). Fleet Match Factor: The Fleet Match Factor measures the balance between loaders and trucks to identify queuing or idle-time inefficiencies and in this study is used to evaluate how fleet configuration affects operational and fuel efficiency, (Arauzo et al., 2024; Yu et al., 2024), as shown in Equation (5). = (5) The formula above describes the Matching Factor ( ), which is calculated by multiplying the number of trucks ( ) by their productivity ( ) and dividing the result by the product of the number of diggers ( ) and their productivity ( ). Energy Intensity and Emission Factor CO₂ emissions per ton are derived from fuel consumption using standardized emission factors, with adjustments for biodiesel blends such as
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