P Value 0.008 Truck Productivity Comparison Paired Statistical Treatment Test Descriptive Analysis N 16 16 Mean 181 134.31 STD Dev 23.48 27.46 SE Mean 5.87 6.87 Estimation for Paired Difference Mean 46.69 STD Dev 29.8 SE Mean 7.45 95 CI for μ_difference (30,81; 62,56) Result T Value 6.27 P Value 0.00 Fuel Ratio Comparison Paired Statistical Treatment Test Descriptive Analysis N 16 16 Mean 0.2219 0.365 STD Dev 0.0201 0.0994 SE Mean 0.005 0.0248 Estimation for Paired Difference Mean -0.1431 STD Dev 0.0933 SE Mean 0.0233 95 CI for μ_difference (-0,1928; -0,0934) Result T Value -6.14 P Value 0 Overall, the consistently low p-values (< 0.05) validate that FMS implementation significantly improves operational performance, providing strong empirical support for adopting digital fleet management in high-intensity mining operations. Based on the results above, there are 4 points that need to be discussed: The results indicate that FMS implementation significantly reduces the Fleet Match Factor (MF), reflecting improved synchronization between haul trucks and digger (Yeganejou et al., 2021). Lower MF values approaching unity indicate optimized fleet balance and reduced queuing. Post-FMS, Contractor Charlie’s MF stabilized within an optimal range (1.06–1.08), consistent with prior studies showing that digital fleet coordination enhances operational flow and resource utilization (Ozdemir & Kumral, 2019). The weak correlation between productivity and fuel ratio in FMS-enabled operations (e.g., R² = 0.43 for trucks in Contractor Alpha) indicates that FMS stabilizes fuel efficiency despite productivity variability. This supports prior findings that digital dispatching reduces idle time and enables real-time control, effectively decoupling energy use from production fluctuations, thereby improving fuel budgeting and emissions planning. The observed 31% reduction in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions provides strong empirical evidence that Fleet Management Systems should be positioned as a policy-relevant digital intervention to support ESG compliance and decarbonization mandates in emissionintensive mining operations. Contractors operating with FMS exhibited higher and more stable productivity, as observed by Alpha and Charlie, consistent with prior studies showing that real-time monitoring and
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