centralized control drive continuous performance improvement (Rai et al., 2021). Beyond shortterm gains, FMS provides strategic value by enabling long-term planning, workforce accountability, and end-to-end digital traceability across the mining value chain. This study shows that FMS extends beyond operational coordination to act as a strategic digital enabler for energy and emissions management in mining operations. Empirical evidence confirms that FMS adoption improves fuel efficiency, fleet balance, and carbon intensity under real operating conditions, supporting ESG-oriented mining strategies. Integrating FMS with sitewide energy management and advanced analytics could further strengthen real-time carbon monitoring and decision-making. Future research should focus on system interoperability, predictive emission modeling, and scalability to position FMS as a core element of integrated energy governance in resource-intensive industries. CONCLUSION This study confirms that FMS implementation plays a critical role in enhancing operational performance, energy efficiency, and emission reduction in gold mining operations. Comparative analysis shows that FMS adoption increased truck productivity by up to 39%, improved fuel efficiency by 27%, and reduced energy consumption and CO₂ emissions by 31%, while stabilizing the Fleet Match Factor and reducing equipment idle time. The findings further demonstrate that FMS decouples fuel consumption from productivity variability, enabling more predictable energy use and carbon control. Collectively, these results provide robust evidence that digital fleet systems not only improve production efficiency but also serve as an effective enabler of ESG-aligned decarbonization strategies. Future research should examine FMS integration with site-wide energy management systems and assess its long-term economic and environmental impacts across different mineral sectors and operational contexts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to Darma Persada University (UNSADA), particularly the Graduate School of Renewable Energy and the Center of Renewable Energy Studies, for their academic support, research environment, and guidance throughout this study. The authors also gratefully acknowledge Maeras Soputan Mining for providing access to operational data, field collaboration, and practical insights that enabled the real-world evaluation of Fleet Management System performance and energy efficiency improvements in gold mining operations. This collaboration was essential in bridging academic research with actual industrial implementation. REFERENCES Anaraki, M. G., & Afrapoli, A. M. (2023). Sustainable open pit fleet management system: integrating economic and environmental objectives into truck allocation. Mining Technology: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, 132(3), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2023.2233230. Arauzo, L., Moscoso, J., Pehovaz, H., & Polo, K. (2024). Mathematical model for fleet sizing using the match factor in an open-pit mine. https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2024.1.1.1855.
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