and standardized color codes were assigned to each grade category to enhance visual clarity and reduce rendering overhead. 2.5. Visualization and Synchronization Strategy The visualization framework enables real-time spatial correspondence between the digital ore-grade model and the physical bench environment. A Unity-based augmented-reality application integrated with the XREAL SDK manages coordinate alignment, rendering, and user visualization. Real-time positional updates derived from the RTK GNSS subsystem are transformed into the projected mine coordinate frame and applied to the virtual camera pose, while the ore-grade model remains fixed in global space. This configuration produces the perception of grade domains embedded within the bench as the operator moves. To maintain spatial stability during motion and temporary GNSS degradation, the system applies multi-sensor pose tracking combining RTK GNSS positioning, IMU-based motion sensing, and stereo camera Visual SLAM. GNSS provides absolute spatial reference, while visual-inertial tracking ensures short-term continuity and mitigates drift. Rendering is implemented using Unity’s Universal Render Pipeline with pose prediction and reprojection provided by XREAL SDK. 2.6. Field Implementation, Communication, and Power Configuration The communication bridge and hardware configuration described in this section are specific to the research prototype developed in this study and are not representative of production augmented-reality mining system architectures. Production deployments utilize alternative integration approaches suited to operational mining environments, and details of such architectures are commercially sensitive where they are subject to patent protection. The system is designed for practical deployment in open-pit mining environments where fixed infrastructure and network connectivity may be limited. A hybrid communication architecture is implemented to balance transmission range, reliability, and energy efficiency. Differential correction data between the RTK GNSS base station and rover are transmitted using long-range communication methods, removing dependence on external network infrastructure, while short-range wireless links enable real-time coordinate transfer between system components. The smart-glass display is directly interfaced with the mobile device through a high-bandwidth wired connection, enabling simultaneous power delivery and real-time visual rendering with minimal cabling complexity during field operation. Portable battery packs supply power to all mobile components, allowing several hours of continuous operation without external power sources. The communications architecture implemented in this prototype reflects the requirements of a controlled research configuration. Production AR systems for mining are designed around alternative integration frameworks that enable self-contained operation in remote environments without reliance on external network infrastructure. This modular configuration supports rapid deployment, component replacement, and routine bench-level use in dynamic mining conditions. During operation, mine engineers or gradecontrol personnel initialize the system after RTK positioning is established and traverse the bench while wearing smart glasses. Color-coded ore-grade polygons are visualized in spatial alignment with the ground surface, enabling direct interpretation of material classification in real time. This workflow supports visual verification of grade boundaries, adjustment of excavation limits, and
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