immediate communication of grade-control decisions, thereby reducing the delay between model interpretation and operational action at the bench scale. Table 2: Communication architecture of the proposed system Link Method Protocol Purpose Base ↔ Rover Long-range radio communication GNSS correction data stream Differential corrections Rover ↔ Processing Unit Serial communication GNSS data format Position data output Processing Unit ↔ Mobile Short-range wireless communication Data stream Real-time coordinate stream Mobile ↔ Smart Glass Wired highbandwidth connection Video and data stream AR rendering 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Polygon-Based Ore-Grade Representation Derived from Block Models This study demonstrates the transformation of conventional block model grade distributions into simplified polygon-based ore-grade representations suitable for real-time augmented reality visualization. Starting from an existing grade control block model developed in Maptek Vulcan, discrete ore zones were extracted and converted into contiguous polygonal volumes representing low-grade, medium-grade, and waste material. Unlike dense voxel-based block models typically used for planning and reconciliation, the polygon-based approach significantly reduces geometric complexity while preserving essential spatial grade boundaries at the bench scale. This simplification is critical for field deployment, where rendering performance and visual clarity are constrained by mobile hardware and wearable AR devices. The resulting polygon meshes maintain consistent spatial alignment with the original block model and are generated in the same projected coordinate system used by the positioning system. Figure 3 illustrates the conceptual workflow from block model grade distribution to polygon-based ore classification volumes. The extracted polygons capture the dominant grade domains within the active bench while filtering out small-scale variability that is not operationally actionable during excavation. This representation enables intuitive visual interpretation of ore– waste boundaries directly at the mine face, addressing a key limitation of traditional grade control methods that rely on printed plans or tablet-based maps. From an operational perspective, the polygon-based model offers a practical compromise between geological fidelity and real-time usability. The results indicate that bench-level grade zoning can be effectively conveyed without requiring full-resolution block models, thereby supporting rapid decision-making during loading and excavation.
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