simulation outputs, while consumables are included using simplified but explicit inventory assumptions. 4.1 Scope and Objectives – Goal and Scope Definition This section aligns the Process Optimisation (PO) problem with an equivalent LCA goal and scope, ensuring that operating outputs (throughput, energy, consumables) translate directly into carbon indicators within the same battery limits. 4.1.1 Process Optimisation Perspective The optimisation problem is defined for a grinding circuit comprising primary and secondary grinding, targeting a product size of P80 = 100 µm. The objective is to explore operating conditions that increase throughput while maintaining acceptable specific energy and circuit performance. The battery limits include the grinding circuit from primary mill feed to the final product of secondary grinding, as shown in Figure 1. Upstream crushing and downstream separation stages are excluded. Figure 1 – Simplify Grinding Circuit 4.1.2 Life Cycle Assessment Perspective From an LCA perspective, the system boundary aligns with the optimisation battery limits and is defined as a gate-to-gate assessment of the grinding circuit. The functional unit is 1 tonne of ore processed, with results expressed as kg CO₂e per tonne of ore. This alignment allows carbon indicators to be derived directly from optimisation outputs without introducing additional modelling boundaries. The assessment focuses on operational energy and consumables only. Capital equipment, infrastructure, and upstream mining activities are excluded. 4.2 Data Collection and Analysis – Life Cycle Inventory This step defines the operational data and material inventories required before process simulation or impact calculation. The information applies to both PO and LCA,
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2