with differences arising later from modelling objectives and detail level. Data sources include site-specific information provided by the client, internal technical documentation, and secondary references from literature and industry benchmarks. Where site-specific data are unavailable, representative values are used to support an illustrative and reproducible inventory framework. 4.2.1 Operational Baseline and Energy Inventory Electricity consumption is defined as an inventory flow based on available operational information prior to simulation. Baseline data may include measured power draw, historical operating records, or installed motor power associated with main and auxiliary equipment within the system boundary. Where direct measurements are unavailable, installed motor power and equipment specifications provide an indicative basis for estimating energy use under representative conditions. This reflects common industrial practice where data availability may vary across equipment and time periods. Electricity is therefore defined at inventory level using the best available information, recognising that more detailed scenario-specific values may later be derived through simulation. At this stage, electricity is treated as a baseline inventory flow. Variations in power draw and specific energy from optimisation scenarios are addressed separately in the modelling step. 4.2.2 Identification of Relevant Consumables Consumables included in the inventory are limited to wear-related components directly associated with normal operation and throughput. Occasional spare parts, corrective maintenance items, and components not directly linked to ore processing rates are excluded. For both the ball mill circuit and the vertical grinding mill (VTM), consumables include grinding media and mill liners, representing the dominant and recurrent material flows associated with comminution wear. This selection ensures that consumable flows remain operationally meaningful and compatible with throughput-normalised indicators used in both process optimisation and life cycle assessment. 4.2.3 Mass-Based Estimation of Consumable Flows Consumable use is expressed as mass-based flows normalised to the functional unit. Where available, site-specific information on installed mass, replacement intervals, or annual consumption is used; otherwise, secondary data and operational ranges reported in the literature are applied. Consumable flows are estimated by combining installed or replaced mass per component, replacement frequency under normal operation, and annual throughput of the grinding circuit. These elements derive consumable intensities expressed in kilograms of material per tonne of ore processed. This representation is compatible with both PO-derived
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