111 fundamentally alter the geometry, energy distribution, and containment mechanisms governing tailings storage systems. The technical evaluation presented in this paper demonstrates that In-Pit TSFs: • Significantly reduce stored potential energy relative to surface TSFs • Eliminate reliance on high-consequence embankment dams • Improve long-term geomechanical and hydrogeological stability • Achieve a structural reduction in catastrophic failure risk • Align strongly with the principles of the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management When integrated early into life-of-mine planning, In-Pit TSFs enable tailings management strategies that are safer, more resilient, and more compatible with sustainable closure outcomes. Rather than representing an incremental improvement to conventional systems, In-Pit TSFs constitute a paradigm shift in tailings management—one that addresses risk at its source and responds directly to increasing societal and regulatory expectations for safer mining practices. 9. RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 9.1 Engineering and Operational Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are proposed for the implementation of In-Pit TSFs: • Integrate In-Pit TSF evaluations at the earliest stages of mine planning, rather than as late-life closure alternatives • Apply conservative geotechnical and hydrogeological design criteria reflecting the permanent nature of tailings storage • Prioritize hydraulic containment through robust water balance management and monitoring systems • Adopt staged deposition strategies to promote consolidation and pore pressure dissipation • Implement comprehensive instrumentation programs to verify long-term performance These measures are essential to ensure that the inherent advantages of In-Pit TSFs are fully realized throughout the facility life cycle. 9.2 Strategic and Industry-Level Recommendations At an industry level, broader adoption of In-Pit TSFs can be supported through: • Clear regulatory guidance recognizing In-Pit TSFs as distinct systems from surface TSFs • Standardized risk-based assessment frameworks tailored to pit-based storage • Systematic documentation and dissemination of operational case studies
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