112 • Integration of In-Pit TSFs into corporate tailings governance and assurance programs Such actions would facilitate informed decision-making and encourage consistent, transparent implementation across jurisdictions. 9.3 Future Research and Development Opportunities Future advancements in In-Pit TSF performance may be achieved through: • Expanded use of thickened, paste, and filtered tailings to enhance consolidation behavior • Advanced coupled hydro-mechanical numerical modeling for long-term performance prediction • Digital monitoring systems linked to predictive analytics and real-time risk management • Climate-resilient water balance design under extreme precipitation scenarios Continued research and innovation in these areas will further strengthen the role of In-Pit TSFs as a cornerstone of safe and sustainable tailings management in modern mining. REFERENCES ANCOLD (2019). Guidelines on Tailings Dams. Australian National Committee on Large Dams, Australia. Davies, M. P., & Martin, T. E. (2020). Tailings dam safety: Essential elements and risk-based management. Mining Engineering, 72(2), 38–45. Fourie, A. B. (2012). Preventing catastrophic failures of tailings storage facilities. Geotechnical News, 30(2), 33–39. Fourie, A. B., & Blight, G. E. (2015). In-pit tailings storage facilities: A viable alternative to conventional tailings dams. In Proceedings of the Tailings and Mine Waste Conference. Freeze, R. A., & Cherry, J. A. (1979). Groundwater. Prentice Hall. Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM) (2020). Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management. UNEP, ICMM, PRI. Hoek, E., & Bray, J. W. (1981). Rock Slope Engineering. Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C., & Corkum, B. (2002). Hoek–Brown failure criterion – 2002 edition. ICOLD (2011). Tailings Dams: Risk Assessment and Management. Bulletin 121. ICOLD (2019). Tailings Dams: Design, Risk Assessment and Safety Management. Bulletin 181. Jewell, R. J., & Fourie, A. B. (2006). Paste and Thickened Tailings – A Guide. Morgenstern, N. R., Vick, S. G., Viotti, C. B., & Watts, B. D. (2016). Fundamentals of Tailings Dam Risk Assessment. Read, J., & Stacey, P. (2009). Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design. Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., & Mesri, G. (1996). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. World Bank (2020). Towards Zero Harm: A Compendium of Papers Prepared for the Global Tailings Review.
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