213 A practical sequencing logic is to start with efficiency and renewable electricity, then deploy drop-in renewable fuels, and finally scale powertrain replacement and hydrogen as infrastructure and technology mature [2]. Evidence from publicly available company disclosures, sector reports and stakeholder presentations indicates that large mining operators in Peru have pragmatically prioritized Scope 2 emissions reductions through renewable electricity sourcing, including renewable supply contracts and energy attribute certificates [e.g., World Bank, 2022; industry presentations]. Attention is increasingly shifting toward Scope 1 emissions, where ultra‑class haul trucks represent a dominant emissions driver due to very high diesel consumption, continuous operation and long asset lifetimes. Consistent with this trajectory, operators are evaluating complementary solutions such as trolley‑assist concepts and hydrogen‑based powertrains; hydrogen fuel‑cell haul‑truck pilots provide concrete evidence of hydrogen’s potential to address duty cycles and power requirements that remain challenging for full direct electrification. 4.2 Solution selection criteria under mining constraints Technology selection is shaped by a small set of site constraints: • Power boundary conditions: grid availability/reliability and the need for microgrid or islanded operation. • Equipment duty cycles and safety constraints (especially underground), which drive requirements for energy density, uptime and ventilation. • Project horizon and asset turnover, which determine whether retrofits, transitional fuels or new-build solutions dominate. These constraints favor hybrid architectures that combine efficiency, electrification and lowemissions fuels rather than a single technology pathway [2]. 4.3 Portfolio logic: short‑term deployability vs. long‑term depth of abatement For near‑term implementation, renewable electricity procurement (where feasible), energy management and efficiency, and renewable liquid fuels provide scalable pathways that minimize disruption to operations. In parallel, hydrogen and hydrogen‑derived fuels are relevant for medium‑ to long‑term deep decarbonization of heavy‑duty applications and selected industrial uses, supported by emerging policy frameworks. Peru’s adoption of a Green Hydrogen Promotion Act and the development of a regulatory framework and certification approach support the relevance of hydrogen value chains for industrial applications, including heavy transport [9]. From an integrated energy supplier perspective, this portfolio approach is consistent with technology‑neutral decarbonization strategies. Public corporate reporting from Repsol describes a multi‑technology pathway to decarbonization, including renewable electricity
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2