296 Figure 5 – Marine particle tracking driven by GLORYS12 currents during the cold season: (a) dispersion of PM10-equivalent particles after 39 h, and (b) dispersion of 30μm particles after 4 h. Grey markers show initial positions at entry to the marine domain; red markers show positions at the reported times. 3.5 Digital Twin Visualization In this study, temporal attributes were assigned to the particle position data obtained from the particle tracking simulation, and the dataset was visualized in a 3D GIS environment (Figure 6). A vertical coordinate (z) was assigned by combining particle settling velocity in seawater with elapsed time to represent a simplified 3D distribution within the mixed layer. This approach enables spatiotemporal examination of transport pathways at 3-hour intervals and supports intuitive interpretation of advection directions and migration ranges in the marine environment. Figure 6 – Example 3D GIS-based digital twin visualisation of particle positions 39 h after entry to the marine domain, illustrating advection by ocean currents and an assigned vertical coordinate based on settling in seawater 4. DISCUSSION This study developed an integrated land–sea digital twin framework to evaluate the
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