297 dispersion of quarry-derived particulate matter in the Galápagos Islands by combining atmospheric reanalysis, particle settling theory, ocean circulation modeling, and threedimensional visualization. The results demonstrate that seasonal atmospheric conditions strongly control the predictability of particulate transport in island environments. During the warm season, large variability in wind direction resulted in unstable and highly dispersed transport pathways, making it difficult to define representative deposition zones. In contrast, the cold season exhibited persistent southeasterly trade winds, enabling the identification of dominant transport corridors and providing a physically consistent basis for marine dispersion analysis. Particle size was found to be a key factor governing both atmospheric deposition and marine transport. Fine particles (10 μm) exhibited long atmospheric residence times and wide offshore deposition areas, while larger particles (30 μm) settled primarily in nearshore waters. Marine particle tracking further showed that 10 μm particles remained within the surface mixed layer for extended periods and were transported westward by the South Equatorial Current, with some particles reaching the coastal waters of Santa Cruz Island within approximately 24–39 hours. In contrast, larger particles showed limited dispersion due to their short residence times. These results indicate that fine particles pose a higher potential for inter-island material transfer and widespread environmental impacts. Marine transport was simulated using a two-dimensional horizontal advection framework, with vertical processes parameterized through mixed-layer residence time estimates. The use of velocity fields at 9.57 m depth was justified by the relatively uniform momentum structure within the surface mixed layer during the cold season. Although this simplified approach does not explicitly resolve three-dimensional turbulence and diffusion, it provides a physically consistent first-order approximation for near-surface particle transport following atmospheric deposition and is suitable for regional-scale environmental assessments. The integrated simulations suggest that quarry-derived particulate matter may influence marine environments beyond immediate coastal zones, highlighting the potential for regionalscale impacts from localized quarrying activities. Fine particles may contribute to increased turbidity, sedimentation stress, and degradation of sensitive coastal and benthic ecosystems. Given the ecological importance of the Galápagos Islands, these cross-domain transport pathways should be carefully considered in environmental management and regulatory decision-making. The developed digital twin platform offers a practical tool for visualizing and quantifying such risks. Several limitations should be acknowledged. The present model neglects explicit threedimensional turbulent diffusion, resuspension, and particle aggregation processes, and particle properties were assumed to be constant. In addition, the analysis focused primarily on coldseason conditions characterized by stable transport pathways. Future studies should incorporate fully three-dimensional circulation models, stochastic diffusion schemes, and field observations to further constrain particle behavior and improve long-term impact assessments. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of integrated land–sea digital twin
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